a- BT
b- CT
c- PT
d- PTT-------------------- PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME .
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2- neuroblastoma deposits in the liver is known as ? PEPPER SYNDROME
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3- estimation of age of a person by evaluating the physiological changes in teeth is known as ? GUSTAFFSON'S method.
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4- cyclops is an intermediate host of ? DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS
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5- TAMOXIFEN is an anti - estrogen drug . Tamoxifen is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is used in the treatment of breast cancer and is currently the world's largest selling drug for that purpose.
Tamoxifen was discovered by ICI Pharmaceuticals[1] (now AstraZeneca) and is sold under the trade names Nolvadex,® Istubal,® and Valodex.® However, the drug, even before its patent expiration, was and still is widely referred to by its generic name "tamoxifen."
Tamoxifen is used to treat infertility in women with anovulatory disorders. A dose of 10–40 mg per day is administered in days 3–7 of a woman's cycle.[7] In addition, a rare condition occasionally treated with tamoxifen is retroperitoneal fibrosis.[8]
In men, tamoxifen is sometimes used to treat gynecomastia which arises for example as a side effect of antiandrogen prostate cancer treatment.[9] Tamoxifen is also used by bodybuilders to prevent or reduce drug-induced gynecomastia caused by the estrogenic metabolites of anabolic steroids.[10] Tamoxifen is also sometimes used to treat or prevent gynecomastia in sex offenders undergoing treatment by temporary chemical castration.[11]
Finally tamoxifen is used as a research tool to trigger tissue selective gene expression in genetically modified animals using the Cre-Lox recombination technique.[
Tamoxifen increases the risk of two types of cancer that can develop in the uterus: endometrial cancer, which arises in the lining of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, which arises in the muscular wall of the uterus. Like all cancers, endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma are potentially life-threatening. Women who have had a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus) and are taking tamoxifen are not at increased risk for these cancers.
The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) is a clinical trial (a research study conducted with people) designed to see whether the osteoporosis drug raloxifene (Evista®) is more or less effective than tamoxifen in reducing the chance of developing breast cancer in women who are at an increased risk of developing the disease. Raloxifene may have breast cancer risk reduction properties similar to those found in tamoxifen. This study will also examine whether raloxifene has benefits over tamoxifen, such as fewer side effects.
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6- the estrogen receptor positive breast cancer is MORE SENSITIVE TO HORMONAL THERAPY
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7- bluish discoloration of the vagina in early pregnancy is called? JACQUEMIER' S SIGN OR CHADWICK 'S SIGN
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8- allopurinol is XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR
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9- aniridia can be associated with ?
a - wilm's tumor ----------------------------------
b-rhabdomyosarcoma
c- retinoblastoma
d- neuroblastoma
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10- prophylactic cranial irradiation is indicated which of these ?
a- acute leukemia---------------------
b- chronic leukemia
c- retinoblastoma
d- neuroblastoma
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11- the characteristic clinical finding of granulosa cell tumor ?
a- pain
b- ascites
c- cachexia
d- uterine bleeding ----------------
----------------------------because it is an estrogen secreting tumor
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12- which of the following is most common in the urinary tract ?
a- carcinoma bladder ---------------
b- carcinoma kidney
c- carcinoma ureter
d- carcinoma urethra
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13- the incidence of pulmonary TB in association with the TB of the genital tract is ? 25 %
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14- mackenrodt's ligament is related to ?
a- ureter -----------------------------------
b- fallopian tube
c- splenic flexure
d- umbilicus
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15 - which imaging modality is best in evaluating hypertension ? MR angio
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16- in urinary tract TB the frequent finding on the x ray is ? calcification
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17 - hemolytic anaemias can be caused by ? circulating toxins , increased fragility , auto antibody production
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18 - tonsils are derived from ? SECOND PHARYNGEAL POUCH
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19 - intense itching is a characteristic symptom in ?
a- spring catarrh---------------------
b- phlyctenular conjunctivitis
c- trachoma
d- blepharitis
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20- angular conjunctivitis is also known as ? DIPLOBACILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS
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21- blood transfusion may be indicated in?
a- epistaxis with hypertension
b- congestive cardiac failure
c- acute pulmonary edema
d- acute leukemias-----------------
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22- choice of treatment for the metastatic carcinoma of the lung ? CHEMOTHERAPY
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23 - maxillary antrum opens into ? MIDDLE MEATUS .
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24 - length of the eustachian tube ? 36 mm
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25 - length of the external auditory meatus ? 24 mm
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26 - tracheostomy is not useful in?
a- flial chest
b- tetanus
c- obstruction posterior to bronchus-------
d- foreign body larynx
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27- pneumococcal infection is common in ? splenectomy , sickle cell disease , after head trauma .
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28 - TRAP is seen in ? HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA . Cytochemical evaluation is important for diagnostic confirmation of the morphologic findings. HCL cells demonstrate strong positivity for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining . A positive TRAP stain in conjunction with a characteristic bone marrow biopsy is essentially diagnostic of HCL.
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29 - pigmentation of the oral mucosa is seen in ?
a - lead poisoning
b- addison's disease--------------------
c- pica
d- all
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30 - clavulanic acid is used to potentiate the effect of pencillin.
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31 - lesch nyhan syndrome is due to the deficiency of ? total HGPRT ase ( TOTAL )-
hypoxanthine guanine phospho ribosyl transferase . Enzyme that catalyses the first step in the pathway for salvage of the purines hypoxanthine and guanine. The phosphoribosyl moiety is transferred from an activated precursor, 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. Since animal cells can synthesize purines de novo , HGPRT-mutants can be selected by their resistance to toxic purine analogues. A genetic lesion in HGPRT in humans underlies the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
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32 - ligament that becomes fully taut on full extension of the knee joint is ? anterior cruciate ligament .
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33 - AMINOCAPROIC ACID is ? inhibitor of fibrinolysis
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